2024 Author: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 00:21
The muscles of the speech apparatus, like any other muscles of the human body, need targeted development through systematic training. This can be done with the help of articulation gymnastics - specially selected exercises for the lips, tongue, cheeks, lower jaw.
Signs of speech disorders
Disorders of sound pronunciation in children are varied: the absence of sounds, their replacement by other sounds, distortions. As a rule, children of 1.5-2 years old suffer from this ("porridge in the mouth"). In older children, the pronunciation defect may be single: the child skips, distorts or replaces one sound. However, with the normal development of the nervous system and speech apparatus, multiple disorders are also observed.
The formation of sound pronunciation is most active in a child at 4-5 years old. By the age of 6, all sounds of the native languagehe must pronounce correctly. If special preventive classes are not carried out with children, then defective pronunciation of sounds can be fixed in speech for life.
Causes of speech defects in children
Incorrect pronunciation can be caused by:
- violations of physiological and phonemic hearing (inability to differentiate sounds by ear);
- violations of the structure of the speech apparatus and / or its muscle weakness: short or long tongue, short hyoid fold (bridle), defects in the development of the jaws, teeth;
- wrong speech patterns of people around - children and adults;
- lack of attention from adults to speech problems in a child.
In kindergartens, articulation gymnastics for preschoolers is carried out as part of music and physical education classes, speech development classes, physical minutes. In addition, the educator and speech therapist organize individual sessions outside of class with children who have speech defects.
Structure of articulatory gymnastics complex
An approximate plan for a complex of articulation gymnastics for preschoolers looks like this:
- Introductory part, organizational moment. The goal is to attract the attention of children (children), to arouse interest and desire to follow the instructions of the teacher (or parent). For example: an adult brings in a toy or a picture and says that this hedgehog wants to watch how children learn to pronounce sounds beautifully.
- Main part: a) repetition of the material covered in previous classes. The goal is to consolidate articulation, working outclear pronunciation of familiar sounds, their automation in syllables (words, sentences); b) getting to know a new sound - showing its articulation and fixing it in 3-4 game exercises.
- The final part. The guest (hedgehog) thanks the children, praises them and leaves.
In general, articulatory gymnastics as a means of developing the speech of preschoolers contributes to the development of its expressiveness, phonemic hearing, speech breathing, diction. An older child gets used to monitoring the quality of his own speech and tries to correct mistakes on his own.
Formation of complexes of articulation gymnastics
The selection of exercises for articulation gymnastics for preschoolers cannot be accidental. They are selected depending on which organs of speech are involved in the formation of a defective sound in a child. The purpose of the exercises is to first teach the child to hold the lips and tongue in the desired position (static exercises), then consciously perform the movements necessary to obtain the correct sound (dynamic exercises). In addition, an air jet of the desired strength and direction is produced.
Let's take an example. The articulation of the sound "r" is quite complex, it requires fine coordination of the movements of all speech organs:
- lips and teeth open;
- tongue - the tip is raised to the alveoli, flattened and tense, vibrates under the pressure of the exhaled air stream, its sides are tightly pressed to the upper teeth, the back is raised to the soft palate;
- soft palate is raised and does not allow air to pass through the nose;
- vocal cords vibrate, close - a voice is formed;
- air jet - strong, directed through the mouth in the center of the tongue, causing its tip to come off the front of the palate, and a vibrating energetic sound "r" is obtained.
Defects in the pronunciation of the sound "r" (rotacisms) are numerous and can be caused by incorrect position of the tongue, lips, insufficiently strong air flow during exhalation. After a thorough diagnosis of the causes of the defective pronunciation of sound, the teacher makes up a complex of articulatory gymnastics for preschoolers. It may include exercises to hold the tip of the tongue behind the upper teeth ("Brushing teeth"), to develop its flexibility and mobility ("Paint the ceiling", "Automatic"), to the ability to strain the tip of the tongue ("Drummer").
Exercises "Blow out the candle", "Inflate the balloon" are aimed at generating a long elastic air jet in the center of the tongue.
When performing these exercises, the teacher monitors the correct position of the lips (open, smiling, motionless), jaws (does not move).
Similarly, exercises for articulatory gymnastics for hissing (w, u, w, h) sounds, whistling (s, h, c), sonorant (l, l) are developed or selected from speech therapy literature.
Using poetry
Poetry has a positive effect on the overall speech development of children, as it stimulatesemotional perception of speech addressed to them.
Showing a picture corresponding to the content of the poem, concretizes it and makes more understandable the actions that the child has to perform with one or another organ of speech. Here is a fragment of a lesson with children of the younger group. The goal is to develop the muscles of the tongue, to develop the accuracy of movements.
1) The teacher shows a picture - a puppy with its tongue hanging out. Asks children if they have tongues and offers to show them to the puppy:
Where, where is your tongue?
Show it buddy!"
(Jaw down, lips open, tongue tense, long - 3-5 seconds. Exercise performed 3-4 times).
2) The picture is shown:
He sits in our mouths
And looking at you and me.
(The position of the speech organs is the same, the tip of the tongue moves left and right 4-5 times. Run 3-4 times).
3) The picture is shown:
We'll raise it up
And let's get low!
Wants to play with us, Like a pussy with a mouse.
(The tip of the tongue touches the upper and lower lips. The position of the organs of speech and the number of executions are the same).
Experienced teachers actively use author's children's poetic works in kindergarten classes. Ready-made complexes of articulation gymnastics in verse for preschoolers can be easily found in special literature. But many teachers themselves compose couplets or quatrains in accordance with the urgent tasks of developing children's speech.
Music as a means of developmentarticulations
The use of music, as well as poetry, activates the perception of educational material by children. Musical articulation gymnastics for preschoolers can be included in almost all activities in kindergarten.
The teacher, together with the musical worker of the kindergarten, selects children's songs and melodies. If he owns any instrument, he can perform them himself. Children's musical instruments are also used - drums, pipes, harpsichords, CDs with recordings of children's works.
At the initial stages, when children learn static exercises for the organs of articulation, melodies should be smooth, unhurried: in 25-30 seconds of their sound, children will perform the desired exercise 3-5 times.
When working out the clarity, switchability of movements, the music sounds more energetic, and the child must adjust his actions to its tempo-rhythm.
General advice to parents
Parents receive recommendations from kindergarten teachers on the methodology for conducting special articulation games and exercises at home:
- The choice of exercises for articulation gymnastics depends on the age of the child. The younger he is, the more playful they are.
- Exercise can be included in any activity - gaming, labor, creative, walking. Except eating.
- It is important to avoid coercion, it is necessary to arouse the child's interest and desire to perform these exercises. You can use onomatopoeia("horse snorts", "bear coughs"), pictures, musical instruments, toys.
- A mirror is used as an aid: the child himself must visually control his actions, focusing on his own reflection or on the reflection of an adult next to his. An adult, if necessary, helps him to give the desired position to his lips, tongue with the help of a spoon handle.
- The duration of the lesson is 5-10 minutes. It may include 3-4 exercises.
- Sometimes, according to the indications of a neurologist or a speech therapist, a massage of the organs of speech is necessary - lips, tongue, cheeks. Parents must strictly adhere to the recommendations of specialists so as not to harm the child.
The responsibility of parents for the speech development of the child is enormous. Poor speech is a serious obstacle to communication with others, to obtaining a profession in the future. They should not rely only on kindergarten specialists. Competent daily exercises with a child in articulation gymnastics at home will accelerate the appearance of expressive and meaningful speech.
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