Speech development in preschool age: concept, features and process

2024 Author: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 00:21

The development of the speech of preschoolers is considered to be a rather lengthy and voluminous process. At the same time, it is very important to look for exactly those topics that will interest him. With the right approach from adults, the baby will happily begin to share his emotions, impressions and stories.

Preparatory stage

Speech development in preschool age begins before the age of one. In the period from birth to 12 months, the formation of the speech apparatus takes place, as well as its preparation for the correct articulate pronunciation.

Through screaming and crying, the baby tries to convey his needs. Mothers know when crying is caused by negative emotions, and when, on the contrary, it is accompanied by joy and greeting.

Cooling occurs between the ages of two and seven months. It is considered to be the first conversations of the baby. The baby can already combine vowels and consonants, for example, “agu”, “abu”. The most incredible thing is that by the nature of the cooing and intonation, you can guess what nationality the child belongs to. After all, a baby in suchage is already characteristic of mastering the emotional specifics of native speech.

The next leap in speech development is babbling. It starts from the fourth month. It can be noted that repeated syllables become already emotional. Front-lingual and labial consonants appear, for example, "ma-ma-ma".

Babies can begin to speak their first words between 11 and 12 months of age. Of course, these are extremely short and simple words (am, yum, mom, give). But the baby uses them with understanding, and sometimes even accompanies the pronunciation with gestures.

After reaching the age of one year, children master stressed and final syllables. And the pronunciation of most words can already be called quite legible and understandable.

Initial language acquisition

The main development of the speech of children of primary preschool age falls on the period from one to three years and has a number of features.

Before you start talking on your own, the child learns to understand the speech of the people around him. It is considered normal when a child at the age of one and a half years has several basic words in the vocabulary, such as: dad, mom, give, aunt, uncle. Parents and loved ones are role models for the crumbs in everything. Therefore, it is very important to comment on everything that you do. It is already natural for a child to understand everything and remember important information.

At about 1.5 years old, babies can't generalize words yet. Therefore, the word "yum" can mean not only the desire to eat, but also a request to hold a spoon or try to eat.on one's own. Also, children of this age tend to discard endings. You have probably noticed that the child pronounces certain words as if trying to ignore certain syllables or letters. No need to worry about this, as long as such shortcomings are considered normal. Over time, the child will learn to pronounce sounds and words correctly. In the meantime, the task of parents is to explain to the child how to do it right.

The process of speech development at preschool age should be accompanied by frequent conversations with the baby. Moreover, it is very important to use gestures during a story or explanation. It is very important for a baby to monitor facial expressions, pronunciation and emotional component. Point and name the objects in your field of vision. While walking, talk about nature, dogs, cats and birds that you can see regularly. Such events are not only remembered by the child, but also provide significant assistance in the development of the speech apparatus.

After reaching the age of two, children can easily distinguish intonations. Therefore, it is very important when reading a fairy tale to change the timbre of the voice. For example, a bear speaks in a bass voice, and a mouse squeaks quietly in a thin voice. The kids love this role play. Moreover, it is easier for them to understand what is happening in the story.

The development of the speech of children of primary preschool age after two and a half years is accompanied by the ability to speak in phrases. Usually sentences consist of 2-3 words. He masters the regularity in the coordination of various words among themselves. Already able to understand the differencebetween singular and plural. The kid begins to actively use a certain system of perception, which becomes the main foundation for the transition to the next stage of speech development.

From 3 to 7 years old

The development of coherent speech in preschool children falls on a period of three years. At this age, the baby can easily describe an object and even build a short description regarding a picture in a book. During this period of time, it is very important for parents to answer all the questions of interest to the child. And there will be a lot of them. In addition, you can already use role-playing games with toys. Such interaction has a positive effect on the development of speech at preschool age.

At 4-5 years old, it is considered normal when a story or description of an object is understandable not only to parents, but also to people around them. Moreover, the child speaks not only in sentences, but also knows how to imitate the voices of different animals.

Despite the fact that the number of new phrases and words constantly falls on the child, he easily distributes and classifies them according to the necessary criteria. This is how his vocabulary is formed. The speech of a child at this age is formed quite simply.

Interesting fact! Being a linguist, K. I. Chukovsky determined why children tend to create new special children's dialects every minute. And it turned out that kids create such neologisms not by chance. They sort words according to logical meaning, following grammatical rules. As a result, we can hear how crackersbecome "bitters" due to the semantic understanding of the meaning of the word "bite". And a dog with long hair can be called "shaggy" by children.

Incentive

Features of speech development of preschool children directly depend on their environment. After all, it is from relatives and friends that they learn their first words. It is very important during this period to present information to the child with the correct and clear sound accompaniment.

Therefore, experts say how important it is to talk with the baby as often and as much as possible. There are a huge number of beautiful books with bright pictures and children's cards. Thanks to such auxiliary tools, it is possible to stimulate the development of speech at preschool age. Any pictures can be discussed with the child. It is not necessary to read the description or the text next to it. Let the child dream up. Let him tell you what he sees. If the baby does not make contact, then try to start first.

The psychology of child development confirms the fact that speech is continuously connected with the fine motor skills of the child. This conclusion is based on the knowledge that the speech and motor centers of the brain are located nearby. Therefore, it is very important to use finger games during the period of speech development. The most popular are modeling and finger painting with the help of special paints. No less good occupation is considered to be sorting out cereals, buttons and other details. Have your child sort them by color and size.

When it's time to worry

The development of speech in early preschool age does not always go smoothly. Aptitude assessmentcrumbs can be exhibited at the age of one year. It is worth starting to worry if the baby at this age does not respond to sounds and cannot pronounce them on their own. Normally, a child at the age of 12 months should actively use gestures in communication (waving a pen, pointing with a finger, etc.).

With proper development, a baby aged 1.5 years can easily imitate animal sounds (meow, woof, moo, be, me), and also easily perceive and understand requests.

By the age of two, parents should be able to easily understand at least half of the words their child says.

And it is at the age of two years that the psychological and pedagogical commission at the preschool educational institution can diagnose a child with a delay in speech development. It is important to understand that this is not a sentence, and most often such a diagnosis is removed by 4-5 years. More recently, the ZRR was accepted to put all two-year-old kids who had a vocabulary of less than 200 words. Today, these figures have decreased significantly. And it is enough for a child of this age to pronounce about 50 words, including onomatopoeia and babble. And also the ability to formulate two-component constructions testifies to the normal development of children.

Remember that the role of speech development in preschool age is not exaggerated. That is why it is important to follow the basic rules. Remember that you should not leave the TV on continuously in the room where the baby spends the most time. Such a sound background is not useful, but only prevents the baby from developing communication skills. Besides,extraneous sounds and noise prevent the child from talking. Because instead of activating his own speech, he has to be involved in the process of listening.

Methods for the development of speech in preschool children

Visual modeling is considered an effective way to correct speech in children. Thanks to this technique, the child begins to imagine abstract phenomena associated with words and sounds. It is this approach that greatly facilitates the understanding of the process for the child.

The essence of this means of developing the speech of preschool children is to demonstrate the properties of the object under discussion. Suppose a speech therapist is working with a child aimed at correcting a violation of the syllabic component. To do this, he can involve the child in a game called "Pyramid". Its essence lies in the fact that it is necessary to figure out in what order the pictures should be placed in relation to the rings, and do it in practice. Let's say the bottom ring contains words with one syllable, the middle ring contains words with two syllables, and the third ring contains words with three syllables.

Finger massage

The development of speech in preschool age is directly related to fine motor skills. Coloring, mosaic and touching textured objects have a positive effect on the baby's hands.

The formation of a conversational skill is carried out under the influence of motor impulses that are transmitted from the fingertips. Accordingly, the more the child is busy playing with small figures, the more likely it is that he will speak well soon.

Theater and rhetoric

Methods for the development of the speech of preschool children are based on a variety of games. An important aspect in this case is considered to be the return from the child. That is, if the baby is not interested in the process, then the result should not be expected.

During the game, aimed at playing fairy tales, stories or stories, the baby develops the ability to sequentially list events, keeping this information in mind. When children write their own scripts for puppet shows, they learn how to create a story that builds on the plot, exposition, development, climax and denouement. According to this sequence of events, both the introduction and the speech can be built.

An equally attractive way is to develop the speech of preschool children through retelling. These can be well-known fairy tales and stories that can be used as the basis for the script for the play.

Choosing fairy tales, kids learn to understand the topics of texts, as well as to choose and systematize the material presented. In addition, they actively edit the acquired knowledge using their add-ons. They easily convey the emotional component of their hero and change the tone of voice for each of the characters.

You can make a puppet theater for a child yourself, or you can purchase a ready-made set in a children's store. Such educational toys are developed on the basis of the recommendations of famous child psychologists. The most interesting are finger characters. The child actively uses fine motor skills during the game. Speech developmentchildren of older preschool age can be accompanied by a puppet theater with toys that are put on hands, especially since many children at the age of five can already read on their own. And the set is almost always supplemented with a book with bright pictures. The stories and fairy tales written in it can be safely taken as the basis of the script. Of course, it would not be superfluous to invite the child to dream up and make their own adjustments to the script. Give him the opportunity to reflect and make decisions about what he would correct in this story.

Speech therapy massage

When parents are faced with the goal of developing the speech of preschool children, then a lot of methods and methods are used. One of the most popular is speech therapy massage. Usually, such manipulation in most people is associated with a therapeutic effect. But it should be noted that massage has a direct effect on brain activity. It tones the central nervous system, and also strengthens the nerve connections between the brain and muscles with blood vessels.

Techniques have been developed that have a positive effect on memory, analytics and thinking of the human brain, as well as on speech.

An experiment was conducted on the development of coherent speech of children of senior preschool age. For eight months they underwent a special course of massage. And after 21 days, excellent changes in brain activity were noticed in most children. Children have more interests and hobbies. In general, the result of this experiment showed an increase in mental abilities by 75%.

Total6 courses of massage were carried out. Each of them consisted of 10 sessions and took no more than 10 minutes. Moreover, the child will be able to repeat such a massage on his own over time.

Ten rules for communicating with children in the family

Means of developing the speech of preschool children are based on simple nuances.

Rule 1.

When talking with a child, do not immediately answer the question. Let your child think about this topic on their own. If this approach does not cause crumbs to act, then dream up with him.

With the help of this learning tool, the child learns to clearly express his own thoughts, reason logically and defend his point of view. If the baby is having difficulty expressing his thoughts, then give small prompts.

Rule 2.

Features of the development of speech of preschool children can sometimes be associated with an unwillingness to talk. And most often they prefer to communicate with gestures. In this case, parents need to use the “I don’t understand you” technique. Moreover, its action should be carried out in a provocative situation.

Most often, children are too lazy to talk when they see that their parents already understand them, and all their desires are fulfilled with a half-gesture or one word. As soon as an important situation is created, and the baby does not particularly try to convey the necessary information to the parents, then this technique must be used. Try to approach the process delicately. In no case should you offend or humiliate the baby.

Let's consider what not to do. Let's say youput a few apples on a saucer. The child comes up and points to the fruit. You start asking the child: "What do you want?". And clearly let him know that you do not understand him at all. Baby gets irritated, starts crying or screaming.

What is the result? From the side of the child, the situation looks like this: there are only apples in the saucer. There is nothing else. It is clear that the child wants an apple. Why does mom pretend not to understand?

Therefore, for the correct solution of the situation, it is necessary to put different fruits in the saucer. And in response to the baby’s pointing gesture, you can ask: “Do you want a peach? Yes? Not? Banana? Say yes or no? . If the baby tries to point anyway with a gesture, then let him understand that you are confused and do not understand what he is asking. Wait for an answer! Such situations are very good for stimulating the development of children's speech. Moreover, the child will not cry and make trouble, but will try his best to explain what he wants.

Rule 3.

It is very important to use speech games. Let's compare similar things. For example, ask your child about the difference between your things. It can be color, the presence of locks, buttons, zippers and other things. Children are very interested in such details, and they willingly discuss them.

On the street, you can ask the baby to find a small red flower, a low tree, and so on. During the walk, the child will focus on small things and talk about them, thereby developing speech.

Hide and seek with toys. It is necessary to place several animals, dolls, etc. on the floor.e. Ask the child to turn away, explaining that now you will hide the toy. The point is that the child will need to tell which toy is missing.

Good fun for the development of colloquial speech - diminutive names. On the road or on a walk, you should invite the child to call everything that he sees affectionately. For example, a store is a shop, a cat is a kitty, the sun is the sun, etc.

To learn colors, the child can be stimulated. Purchase small sweets for children in a variety of colors. And invite the child to guess the shade, and for the correct answer you can eat the guessed candy.

In teaching children, their interest is very important. Otherwise, if they are not involved in the process, then all efforts will be in vain.

Rule 4.

The development of coherent speech in preschool age requires high activity from both the child and the adult. If we want to develop the speech of the baby, then he should mainly speak, and not the parents. For one of your sentences, there should be five from the side of the child. If, during a conversation, a mother or a kindergarten teacher speaks five times more, then the speech of adults develops, not children.

It's important to understand that development happens only in practice. That is why these activities are so important. Try to select such tasks for the child that require the most detailed answer and reasoning, as well as upholding a personal opinion.

It is necessary to ask questions regarding the interests of the baby so that he can explain in detail why he likes this particular thingseason, animal, etc. Or show the picture and ask the child to describe what he sees in the picture.

Many children start learning rhymes from an early age, and they really like this activity. By training memory in this way, babies build up their vocabulary much faster.

Rule 5.

The development of coherent speech in preschool children should be based on beautiful, understandable, clear and logical pronunciation. Therefore, when talking with a child, you must observe the correct intonation, speak slowly and pause so that the child has the opportunity to comment on something on this topic.

The search for new approaches to teaching speech is simply necessary. The quality of the child's speech depends on the parents. Therefore, try to find a communication system that suits your child in terms of age and temperament. And great results won't keep you waiting.

Many parents admit that after they changed the pace of the conversation to slow, but at the same time emotional, the children became more involved in the communication process. At first, speaking at a leisurely pace will be difficult, but after a few days, this approach will become commonplace. And the child will notice that the conversation is focused on him and they want to hear his opinion. The children, who were mostly silent, begin to actively talk and comment on what is happening.

Rule 6.

The tasks of the development of the speech of preschool children on the part of parents are to constantly explain and comment on what is happening. Start talking about the environmentworld, nature, objects can be from the first days of a baby's life. By doing so, you enrich your child's vocabulary and prepare the foundation for the development of speech.

With older children, you can use the games involved in the conversational component.

Rule 7.

When teaching a child, do not forget about the existence of self-education. The development of the speech of preschool children should include knowledge that the child will discover independently.

Parents are inherent in the educational process with the child on the principle of memorization. If you require your baby to remember things like “This is a bus, remember! And this is a car, this is a tram, and this is a train!”, Then you do not use his intellectual potential. It simply remembers a word, a phrase or an image in a picture. Therefore, if you show him a toy car at home, and then a car on the street and ask him: “Is this a transport?”, then most likely he will be confused. After all, the kid remembered only the names, but he simply did not catch the meaning of objects and signs.

So start using difference games from an early age. Let the child learn to reason. Put a few objects in front of him and ask how they are similar and how they are different. Most often, children from 2 years old who know colors tend to answer questions about differences based on information about the shade of the subject. For example: “What apple?”, First of all, the answer should be: “Red”. Therefore, in such a situation, it is important to ask leading questions. After all, the apple is still juicy, sweet and round.

Rule 8.

Speech developmentmiddle preschool age should be accompanied by writing letters. Invite your child to play a game, for example, write a letter to Santa Claus or your favorite fairy tale character. Explain to him that he will dictate the text, and you will write it down. And then you send it to his favorite friend. With this approach, the baby has a sense of pause, and he begins to think about what and how to write. In such a game, the syntax of speech is excellently developed, thanks to which the baby learns to build sentences logically and select words in accordance with the meaning.

If you notice that the child cannot begin to build text on his own, then invite him to write about what he did yesterday, or about his favorite hobbies.

If the baby repeats the same word several times when dictating, then explain to him that this will make the text ugly, so the frequently repeated word should be replaced.

Rule 9.

The development of speech of senior preschool age can be based on mini-performances. By the birthday or by the New Year, the guys can memorize their roles and perform. Such classes give impetus not only to the development of speech, but also stimulate the creative component.

Rule 10.

Do not build classes with a child solely on well-known methods aimed at developing speech. Each mother knows her baby best of all, so she can independently come up with games for him.

Means of preschool speech developmentage leaves room for spontaneity. Most mothers confirm the fact that the best techniques are found in the process of playing with a child. They depend most often on what the baby is interested in or carried away.