Features of the physical development of preschool children

2024 Author: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 00:21

The physical development of a child is the basis for mental and mental development, because only a he althy and strong preschooler will find it easy to study at school. Children from an early age should develop harmoniously, but, unfortunately, many parents believe that the main thing is to teach the child to read, count and write, then he will be fully prepared for school.

Due to such a common misconception, many first-graders quickly get tired in the classroom, start to get sick more often, become lethargic and passive. Weakness of the back muscles leads to a curvature of the spine, headaches can begin, and this will not at all contribute to successful study.

Parents whose children do not attend preschool should know that it is the physical development of the child in preschool age that is of paramount importance. Indeed, during this period, such useful qualities as working capacity, endurance, muscle strength are formed. During the course of various activitiesthe child acquires the necessary motor skills.

In the article we will consider the features of the physical development of children, what is the main goal of education both at home and in preschool institutions. What is invested in a child at preschool age will help him in his future schooling, as well as adapt to new conditions faster than others.

Physiological characteristics of children of this age

Intensive physical development takes place between the ages of 4 and 7. By the older preschool age, body weight more than doubles, in comparison with the weight of a one-year-old baby. At the age of 5 to 7 years, growth increases sharply. No wonder scientists called this time the "period of the first traction." There is also an increase in the growth of the bones of the skeleton. By the age of four, all the bones of the skull are fused completely. The shape of the chest also changes, but the ribs are still raised and the cone remains.

The structure of the body is still different from an adult, but the muscles are already stronger, the endurance of the body increases, children get sick less, they can do different activities more time. Muscle mass is actively growing, which, with the correct physical development of the child, holds the spine well. This contributes to the correct posture, but you need to constantly monitor this during sedentary activities, eating, body position during sleep, since the configuration of the position of the spine, head, shoulder girdle, pelvic bones is finally formed only by 14years.

If parents pay more attention to physical development from an early age, the indicators of the cardiovascular and nervous systems of the body will improve. During frequent walks, outdoor games and physical education, the respiratory function of preschoolers will be strengthened.

The connection between the physical and mental development of children

The activity and mobility of children contributes not only to the knowledge of the world around, but also to mental development. After all, any study is connected with movement. From birth, a baby examines objects, touching them with his hands, feels them with his fingers, takes toys in his mouth.

Movement of the eyes, language, movement of objects in space - all this forms the first ideas of the child about the world around him. Information about the movements of the baby goes through the nerve fibers to the brain, where it is processed. The more developed the movements of the child, the higher the indicators of his mental development. The child perceives the sequence and speed of movement of objects, remembers and tries to reproduce familiar operations.

During physical education, children develop intellectual development: children begin to navigate in space, memory develops (you need to remember the types of movements, their sequence, correct execution), thinking and even speech. If the muscles of the oral cavity are not developed in children, then he speaks poorly, does not clearly pronounce sounds.

Tasks of physical education

The physical development of preschool children includes several importanttasks. Let's take a closer look at them.

• Compliance with all routine moments, alternating activity and rest to avoid fatigue.
• Proper nutrition. This is an important component, since the he alth and physical development of the child needs vitamins and minerals.
• Cleanliness and hygiene of both the premises and the child himself.
• Tempering the body using the forces of nature.
• Physical exercises that develop the muscles of the child.

Daily routine

All parents know that preschools have a strict daily routine. Recall the approximate daily routine.

• 7.00-8.30 - getting up, coming to kindergarten, calm games with toys;
• 8.30 - charging;
• 8.40 - 9.00 - hand washing, breakfast;
• 9.00 - 9.20 - first lesson;
• 9.20 - 9.40 - outdoor game, outdoor activities, going to the bathroom;
• 9.40 - 10.00 - the second lesson (this can be a musical activity or physical education);
• 10.00 - 10.20 - dressing for a walk;
• 10.20 - 11.30 - walk, outdoor games, hiking, excursions;
• 12.00 - 12.30 - lunch;
• 12.40 - 15.20 - daytime sleep, tempering treatments;
• 15.30 - 16.00 - afternoon tea;
• 16.00 - 18.00 - evening walk, going home.

Depending on the age of the preschooler, classes may be added, and depending on the time of year or weather conditions, the schedule of walks may change. For domestic children, the daily routine should be similar. Childshould change activities during the day, alternate hours of wakefulness and sleep. Go to bed on time in the evening. Constantly repeating routine moments stabilize the child's psyche, develop the rhythm of the whole organism.

The sun, air and water are our best friends

Hardening procedures help the body quickly adapt to changes in weather conditions, changes in ambient temperature, to the influence of sunlight, etc. During hardening, the body develops immunity to colds, and if the child gets sick, the disease goes away much easier. Therefore, the physical development and strengthening of the child's he alth are important tasks facing parents and employees of preschool institutions.

Basic requirements for hardening children:

• Procedures should be carried out continuously, however, weather conditions and time of year must be taken into account.
• Start with small and short exposures, over time, increasing the duration of exposure to the sun or on a walk, lowering the temperature of the water when pouring.
• It is imperative to take into account the condition of the child - both physical and emotional. Only if the child perceives the procedures positively, good results can be achieved.
• It is necessary to combine these procedures with physical exercises and the correct daily routine.

Proper nutrition for baby

The correct physical development of the child also depends on the rational preparation of the menu. Nutrition ensures the normal development of all body systems, preparing the child for schooling. Therefore, the following rules must be observed:

• Food should fully provide the body with the energy necessary for various activities.
• Food should be balanced, include both fats and proteins, and carbohydrates, satisfy the body's needs for vitamins and minerals.
• Be sure to take your child's preferences into account, as your child may be allergic to certain foods, or he just doesn't like them very much.
• It is imperative to properly process food, follow the technology of cooking, control the shelf life in order to avoid poisoning.
• Observe drinking regimen.

Hygiene and he alth of children

Physical education and development of children are closely related to the development of hygiene skills and habits. From an early age, every day at the same time, children wash their faces, brush their teeth, dress, undress, put things, toys. Frequent repetition allows the child's memory to capture the order of actions, their duration. The nervous system of children is very receptive and plastic at this age, so it is easy for adults to instill the necessary hygiene skills, which gradually become automatic.

However, if you miss the right moment, the opposite happens. A child who from early childhood was not accustomed to cleanliness andhygiene, grows sloppy, careless about body and oral hygiene, and this can eventually lead to soreness.

Being outdoors

As you can see from the daily routine described above, a preschool child should spend a lot of time outdoors. In the summer, during the holidays, when there is only one lesson, and then on the street, children spend almost the whole day in the fresh air. Of course, you always need to take into account the weather conditions and the he alth of the child.

Even if the parents are very busy, it is necessary to set aside time for the children to be outdoors every day. Children should be dressed according to the weather, do not put on extra things so that the child does not freeze and sweat.

On weekends, especially urban children, it is advisable to get out into nature - to the park, forest, to the sea coast, where the air is fresher and cleaner.

Physical activity

In kindergarten every day they do morning exercises, exercises after sleep. Physical education classes are held twice a week. Every day, children play a variety of outdoor games, relay races. Additionally, the physical development of the child is carried out during hiking, excursions, sports entertainment. In the middle of each lesson, which had little mobility, physical education minutes are carried out. These are small warm-ups that relieve tension from the back muscles.

Exercises are selected in connection with the age characteristics of children, their physical fitness,gradually the complex expands, the number of repetitions increases.

From the text of the article it is clear that the early physical development of the child contributes to the formation of motor skills necessary for subsequent schooling, adapts the body to new conditions. Pay due attention to physical development at home!