Physical education: goals, objectives, methods and principles. Principles of physical education of preschool children: characteristics of each principle. Principles of the system o

2024 Author: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 00:21

In modern education, one of the main areas of education is physical education from an early age. Now, when children spend almost all their free time on computers and phones, this aspect becomes especially relevant. After all, a harmonious personality, the upbringing of which is the goal of modern education, is not only a complex of knowledge and skills, but also good physical development, and hence good he alth. That is why it is important to know the principles of physical education, its purpose and objectives. Such knowledge will help each parent to take an active part in the formation of a he althy personality of their child from the preschool stage and help him develop properly.

Physical education: goals, objectives, principles

Physical education is an educational process that aims to shape the child's motor skills, his psychophysical qualities, and also help him make his body perfect.

The purpose of thisdirection lies in the education of a harmoniously developed, physically perfect child, who has at a high level such qualities as cheerfulness, vitality, and the ability to be creative. Physical education is aimed at solving such problems as:

• wellness;
• educational;
• educational.

Improvement of the child is a priority task of the pedagogical process and is aimed at strengthening the he alth and protecting the life of the child. This also includes harmonious psychomotor development, an increase in immunity through hardening, as well as an increase in working capacity. Wellness tasks are called upon:

• help form the correct posture, curves of the spine, harmonious physique;
• develop the arches of the foot;
• strengthen the ligamentous-articular apparatus;
• regulate growth and bone mass;
• develop the muscles of the face, body and all other organs.

Educational tasks are aimed at forming motor skills and abilities, as well as at developing psychophysical qualities and motor abilities. This also includes the acquisition of a certain system of knowledge about sports exercises, their structure and the he alth-improving function they have for the body. In the process of upbringing, the child must be aware of his motor actions, master the terminology, physical and spatial, and also acquire the necessary level of knowledge about the correct execution of movements and sports.exercises, fix in memory the names of objects, shells, aids, and remember how to use them. He must know his body, and the pedagogical process is designed to form his bodily reflection.

Educational tasks are to form the ability to rationally use physical exercises in independent motor activity, as well as to help in acquiring grace, flexibility and expressiveness of movements. Such qualities as independence, initiative, creativity, self-organization are trained. The upbringing of hygienic qualities is being formed, as well as helping the educator in organizing various games. The educational tasks include the creation of favorable conditions for the formation of positive personality traits, the laying of its moral foundations and strong-willed qualities, the inculcation of a culture of feelings and an aesthetic attitude to sports exercises.

The solution of all problems in unity is the key to the formation of a harmonious, comprehensively developed personality.

The principles of physical education are made up of the main methodological patterns of the pedagogical process, which are expressed in the basic requirements for the content, construction and organization of the educational process.

Harmonious physical education is possible in combination of general pedagogical didactic principles and specific laws of this direction of education.

General pedagogical principles: awareness, activity, systematic and repetition

The principles of physical education for preschool children are based onfirst of all, on basic pedagogical ones, which are designed to help achieve the goal. Only the unity of all components ensures the development of the child at the right level. So, the basic principles of physical education of preschoolers on the basis of general pedagogical ones:

1. The principle of mindfulness is designed to educate a child in a meaningful attitude towards sports exercises, as well as outdoor games. Deduced on the basis of the opposition of awareness to the mechanical memorization of movements. With awareness of the technique of movements, the order of their execution, as well as the muscle tension of their own body, the child will form bodily reflection.
2. The principle of activity implies the development of such qualities as independence, initiative, creativity.



3. The principle of systematic and consistent. Mentioning the basic principles of physical education on the basis of pedagogical ones, it is impossible not to mention the degree of importance of just this. It is mandatory for each form of this direction of education: improving motor skills, hardening and creating a regimen. It is systematicity that ensures the interconnection of knowledge, skills and abilities. Preparatory and lead-up exercises in the system allow you to master something new, then, relying on it, move on to the next, more complex one. This principle is implemented by the regularity, planning and continuity of this direction of education during preschool age.
4. The principle of repetition of motor skills. Speaking about the principles of physical educationpreschoolers, this should be mentioned in the list of the most important. It is repetition that ensures the assimilation of movements and the formation of motor skills. Only under this condition can dynamic stereotypes be formed. The repetition system is based on the assimilation of new material and the repetition of the past.
5. The principle of gradualness, which implies the existence of options for changes in the existing stereotype of movements. Graduality, as well as regular training, is the basis of physiological rules.
6. The principle of visibility, which is necessary in order to establish a connection between sensory perception and thinking. This will make it possible to directly influence all the functions of the sensory systems that are involved in the movement. Mentioning these principles of the system of physical education, imply direct and indirect visibility. The first is expressed in the fact that the teacher himself demonstrates the motor actions that are being learned at this stage. Mediated visibility is realized by showing films, manuals, photographs and graphics that provide an accurate representation of the new movement. This principle is designed to ensure more accurate assimilation and reproduction of new material.
7. The principle of accessibility is key to proper physical education. Given the different levels of complexity of the exercises, the teacher must take into account the personal characteristics of each child, assigning physical activity. Only such an approach will help to benefit the body and help in the harmonious development of all the physical qualities of a preschooler. Failure to comply with the principle of accessibilitycan lead to various physical and psychological injuries.
8. The principle of individualization involves orientation to the natural data of a preschooler, based on which the teacher creates a further plan for improving his physical development.

Graduality, visibility, accessibility, individualization are other general pedagogical principles

It must be taken into account that each of these principles in combination ensures the formation of a he althy, developed personality. Failure to comply with at least one of them reduces the likelihood of accurately achieving the goal.

Principles of physical education: a description of each principle

Modern requirements for education imply careful adherence to all the rules of education for the systematic achievement of the goal. Preschool age is the initial stage of personality education. And right now it is extremely important to take into account all the principles of physical education, so that by the time a child enters a new level of education, he has the necessary motor skills, bodily reflection and other indicators of a physically developed personality. The principles to be followed in this area of education are as follows:

1. The principle of continuity, which is one of the most important. They provide the order of the sessions, the connection between them, as well as how often and for how long they should be held. Classes are the key to the correct physical development of a preschooler.
2. The principle of systemic alternation of rest and loads. In order to increase the effectiveness of classes, it is necessary to combine high activity and rest.child in a variety of motor activities. This principle is expressed in a dynamic change in the forms and content of functional loads from one stage to another.
3. The principle of a gradual increase in developmental and training influences determines a consistent increase in loads. This approach increases the developmental effect, enhances and renews the impact of exercises on the body in the course of this direction of education.
4. The principle of cyclicity provides a repetitive sequence of classes, thus allowing to increase their effectiveness, improve the physical fitness of a preschooler.

Other principles of the system of this direction of education

A description of the principles of physical education will be incomplete without mentioning the rest of the basic norms:

1. The principle of age-related activity of the process of this direction of education, which involves taking into account all the individual characteristics of a preschooler.
2. The principle of comprehensive and harmonious development. It helps in the development of the child's psychophysical abilities, his motor skills and abilities, which are carried out in unity. This principle is aimed at the comprehensive development of the preschooler, which includes the education of all the personal qualities of the child.



3. The principle of a he alth-improving orientation, which is designed to solve the problem of strengthening children's he alth. This involves a combination of physical exercise with specific procedures that increase the capabilities of the child's body. They also help a lotimprove the healing activity of the brain. Speaking about the principles of physical education in preschool educational institutions, it should be noted that the implementation of this direction should be carried out strictly under the supervision of a doctor.

The educator is required to strictly observe each principle in order for the upbringing of the personality of a preschooler to be as effective as possible.

Methods of this direction of education

Method is a set of techniques that are aimed at optimizing the educational process. The choice of method is determined by the tasks facing the educator for a specific period of time, the content of educational activities, as well as the individual and age characteristics of the preschooler.

Methods and principles of physical education together are aimed at achieving a single goal: the formation of a physically developed personality.

It should be borne in mind that the activation of physical and mental strength, and then rest after exertion, restore performance much faster and more efficiently.

The main methods of this direction of education, which are fundamental for the teacher in the process of working with preschoolers, are as follows:

1. Information-receptive method that determines the relationship and interdependence of the joint activities of the child and the educator. Thanks to him, the teacher can specifically and clearly convey knowledge to the preschooler, and he can consciously remember and perceive them.
2. Reproductive, otherwhose name is a method of organizing the reproduction of modes of activity. It consists in thinking over a system of physical exercises that are aimed at reproducing actions already known to the preschooler, formed through the use of the information-receptive method.
3. The method of problem-based learning is an integral part of systemic education, which would be incomplete without it. This is due to the fact that a child cannot learn to think, as well as develop creative abilities to the required level only through the assimilation of knowledge. The basis of problem-based learning is the laws of the development of human thinking and its creative activity for cognition. The mental activity of the child is activated when he has a need to understand something. In search of a solution to a particular problem, he independently obtains knowledge. And they are assimilated better than ready-made answers. In addition, when a child solves tasks that are feasible for his age in outdoor games, this contributes to the development of his self-esteem and self-confidence. By introducing problem situations into motor activity, the educator makes learning more interesting and effective. In addition, this is a good prerequisite for the development of creative abilities, which are becoming an integral part of the development of preschoolers.
4. The method of strictly regulated exercise solves the problem of providing the best conditions for the child to master motor skills and develop psychophysical qualities.
5. Circuit training method involving the movement of a preschooleraccording to a predetermined circle, the performance of specific tasks and exercises that make it possible to influence various muscle groups, organs and systems of the body. The purpose of this method is to achieve a high healing effect from exercise and increase the body's performance.

General didactic methods of this area of education of preschoolers

In addition to the above, there are other methods of this direction of educating preschoolers, which are general didactic:

1. Visual methods contribute to the formation of knowledge and sensations regarding movement, sensory perception and the development of sensory abilities.
2. Verbal methods, which are also called verbal, are aimed at activating the child's consciousness, forming a deeper understanding of the tasks, performing physical exercises at a conscious level, understanding their content, structure, as well as independent and creative use in a variety of cases.
3. Practical methods are designed to ensure the verification of motor actions of a preschooler, the correctness of his perceptions and motor sensations.

In the learning process, it is important to take into account that all methods and principles of physical education are interconnected and should be applied in combination for a more effective result.

Physical exercise - development of independence and creativity

The first seven years of a child's life is a period of intensive development: howphysical as well as mental. That is why it is so important to provide him with optimal learning conditions and implement all the principles of physical education. His future work and educational achievements directly depend on how well he will control his body and its movements. Dexterity and orientation, as well as the speed of motor reaction, are of great importance.

Having correctly organized the physical education of a preschooler in everyday life, the educator and parents ensure the implementation of the motor regime, which is a necessary condition for a he althy physical and mental state of the child during the day.

Forms of implementation of physical education of preschoolers

The main principle of physical education is the implementation of goals and objectives. What different forms of physical activity achieve:

• outdoor games;
• walk;
• individual work with an individual preschooler or small group;
• children doing various physical exercises in an independent form;
• physical culture holidays.

Regular physical education lays the foundation for a child's motor skills.

However, the educator cannot, within the framework of such classes, ensure the improvement of the acquired skills, their stability, as well as the ability to independently acquire them in everyday life. That is why the implementation of the principles of physical education takes place during the entire educational period.days through various forms of work. To do this, in addition to gymnastics every morning and a specific number of exercises, the daily schedule provides time for various outdoor games, personal activities, as well as giving children the opportunity to play on their own or in small groups. Thus, the principles of physical education of preschool children are implemented through almost all forms of activity during their stay in a preschool institution.

Compliance with each principle is the key to successful achievement of the goal

Preschool education is the initial stage of the educational and cognitive activity of the child. Indeed, at this time, the foundation is formed on which the success of further education will be based. And given the close relationship of physical education with the he alth of the child, this is the basis for educating a harmoniously developed personality. That is why it is necessary to observe all the principles of physical education. Briefly reviewing each of them, you can see the degree of importance of a single principle in a set of measures taken to achieve the goal.

It should also be borne in mind that for a more effective development of a preschooler, one should not be limited only to classes in kindergarten. Each parent should be fully aware of the importance of fully complying with the principles of the physical education system for the further formation of the child's personal and psychological qualities. And since it is during this period that the basis of the future personality is formed, it is extremely important to strive for as much attention as possible.pay attention to the physical development of the child. Instead of watching cartoons and playing games on the computer, you should teach your child to outdoor games. In the process of development, they will contribute to its correct physical formation.