Methods and techniques of education: description, characteristics, classification

2024 Author: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 00:21

Education is a social phenomenon. This is a contradictory and complex socio-historical process that allows the younger generation to enter into life and into relationships between people. Among other things, education contributes to the development of social progress. At the same time, it is a real technology, which is an integral system consisting of a number of elements. Let's take a closer look at them.

Parenting Methods

This concept is the main element of education technology. The methods used by the teacher are organized activities in a certain way. At the same time, each of them individually solves its specific task. The use of one or another method of education depends on the characteristics of the subjects involved in this process. At the same time, the properties of the predominant development of certain qualities in students find their manifestation.

Education methods have quite definite functions. Each of them has a set of techniques and means of pedagogical influence peculiar only to him.

It is worth noting that teachers in the course of their professional activities will be able to solve the tasks assigned to them in shaping the student's personality only when applying an integrated approach. And it represents the coordinated actions of the entire teaching staff with the participation of public organizations.

The methods of upbringing are based on a wide variety of techniques and means. They are closely related to each other and are applied in practice in an inseparable unity.

Means of Education

This concept means everything that the teacher resorts to when influencing his students. Means of education can be divided into two groups. On the one hand, they include a wide variety of activities. On the other hand, the means of education are understood as the totality of specific objects and activities used by the teacher in the process of implementing a certain method of pedagogical influence. It can be a word or visual aids, literature and conversations, movies, works of musical and visual arts, etc.

Parenting techniques

This element is an integral part of the methods of pedagogical influence. Through the use of a variety of techniques, it is possible to change the views of the child, his motives and behavior. As a result of such an impact, the pupil's reserve capabilities are activated. After that, the child beginsact one way or another.

All currently existing methods of education are divided into groups. The first of them is connected with the organization of communication and activities of children in a group of peers. This group includes such methods of education:

1. "Relay". The teacher organizes his activities in such a way that students from different groups interact.
2. "Focus on the best". During a conversation with children, the teacher tries to emphasize the best in them. It is necessary that the assessment be objective and based on specific facts.
3. "Mutual assistance". When using this technique, pedagogical activity is organized in such a way that the success of the common cause depends on how much the children will help each other.
4. "Breaking stereotypes". This technique involves bringing to the consciousness of children the fact that in a team the opinion of the majority of its members is not always correct.
5. "Stories about myself". This technique is used by the teacher in order for the children to better understand each other. He invites them to make up a story about themselves and play it with their friends as a little play.
6. "Communicate by the rules." In this case, the teacher sets certain rules for his students. They are designed to regulate the behavior and communication of students and determine in what order and in what cases it is possible to refute, criticize and supplement the opinion of comrades. This technique allows you to remove negative moments in communication, while protecting the status of each ofparticipants.
7. "Position correction". When using this technique, the teacher is able to tactfully change the opinion of students, as well as the roles and images they have adopted, which reduce the productivity of their communication with peers.
8. "General opinion". This technique involves the statement of students on the topic of relationships with other people along the chain. At the same time, some begin, while the latter continue, clarify and supplement the opinion expressed. From the simplest judgments, children move on to analytical ones. After that, when introducing the appropriate requirements, the teacher translates the conversation into the mainstream of problematic statements.
9. "Fair Distribution". This technique allows you to create equal conditions for the manifestation of initiative by each student. After all, there are often situations when aggressive attacks and performances of some children extinguish the desire to communicate with their classmates.
10. "Mise-en-scene". The essence of this technique is to change the nature of communication and its activation when the students are located in the class in certain combinations with each other, which can take place at various stages of the tasks.

The next group of techniques involves the organization of a dialogue between the teacher and the child, which ultimately should contribute to the formation of the attitude of the latter to a particular significant problem. In this case, use:

1. "Role mask". The teacher invites his pupils to enter into the image of another person, speaking not on his own behalf, but on whose role he will play.
2. "Forecasting the situation." When using this approach, the teacherconducting a conversation, invites the children to make an assumption about the development of a particular conflict. At the same time, the teacher should, together with the children, try to find a way out of this situation.
3. "Exposure of contradictions". When using this technique, the teacher gives a creative task to his pupils. In the course of its implementation, he invites children to discuss several points of view that contradict each other.
4. "Improvisation on a theme chosen by the children." This technique also involves the creative work of students. Children choose any topic that arouses their interest and transfer all events to completely new conditions.
5. "Counter questions". The teacher divides his students into groups. Each of them begins to prepare counter questions. Subsequently, they, along with the answers, should be subjected to collective discussion.

When using pedagogical techniques, the teacher should first of all focus on his own example, turn to independent experts, monitor changes in the situation, etc.

Education techniques are special cases of using individual means of education. In this case, a prerequisite is to take into account the specific pedagogical situation. Methods and techniques in the technology of education can replace each other. For example, persuasion. On the one hand, it is included in the list of the main methods that make it possible to form a scientific worldview. On the other hand, it is one of the methodological techniques. In this case, persuasion is used in the implementation of methods such as an example or an exercise.

Possessionelements of education technology

Knowledge of methods, techniques and means of education does not mean at all that a teacher is able to professionally master pedagogical technology. These elements will play the role assigned to them only if they have the appropriate orderliness.

Possession of methods, techniques and means of education contributes to the fact that the teacher will select those that will be most effective in a particular situation. At the same time, he will apply them in a certain combination or give preference to one of the specified components.

The whole system of methods and techniques of education should be used by the teacher in a complex and applied by him indirectly or directly. The main purpose of these elements is to establish the most effective interaction that will take place between all parties of the learning process.

Methods and techniques of education should be applied in the aggregate of their technological interconnection. Only in this case it will be possible to achieve the goals set for the teacher. None of the methods and techniques of training and education, taken in isolation, is able to ensure the formation of high moral qualities, conviction and consciousness in a person. That is, none of these elements is universal and is not able to solve the tasks facing the teacher.

How should the methods and techniques of training and education be built? The starting point for resolving this issue is to clarify the role of each of theseelements in pedagogical practice. As a rule, the teacher, having come to the lesson, does not at all think about what methods and techniques of raising children will be applied by him in the next academic hour. Nevertheless, he will have to build his own line of behavior, which is especially necessary when a difficult situation arises. And for this, the teacher will need knowledge about a certain set of possible solutions. Possession of methods and techniques of education allows you to apply them systematically. In this case, the teacher will have a clear idea of what to do during his daily work with students, while identifying the most effective means that will achieve the goals.

Formation of personality consciousness

In pedagogical practice, there are methods and techniques of education that allow you to transfer knowledge about the phenomena and main events of the world around you to a person. Their main goal is the formation of beliefs and concepts, their own opinion and assessment of what is happening.

The general features of the methods and techniques of education of this group include their verbality. In other words, they are word oriented. And it, as you know, at all times was the strongest tool for the process of personality formation. The word with the methods and techniques of education used is addressed to the consciousness of the student. At the same time, it contributes to the emergence of experiences and reflections in him. With the help of the word, children begin to comprehend the motivation of their own actions and personal experience. However, apart fromother methods and techniques of education, such an impact cannot be sufficiently effective. That is why beliefs and stories, explanations and explanations, ethical conversations and lectures, exhortations and disputes, examples and suggestions are used to form the consciousness of the individual. Let's take a closer look at some of these elements.

Used in pedagogical methods and techniques of education, conviction is a reasonable proof of a particular concept, an assessment of what is happening or a moral position. The teacher invites the students to listen to the information offered to them. However, at the same time, children perceive not only judgments and concepts. They pay more attention to the logic of the teacher's presentation of his position. When evaluating the information received, students either affirm their positions and views, or begin to correct them. Convinced that what is said is true, they are able to form their own system of views on social relations, society and the world.

Persuasion as a method of education can be realized in its various forms. In particular, the teacher can use fables and biblical parables, historical analogies and excerpts taken from literary works. The word will also become effective enough in discussions.

Among the methods and techniques of preschool education, the most common story. It is also used in primary and secondary grades.

The story is a vivid and emotional presentation of certain facts. At the same time, it is included in the list of methods and techniques of moral education. By usingstories children learn the ability to distinguish between good and bad. They absorb information about the rules of conduct that exist in society, as well as about moral deeds.

Reading the story, the teacher teaches children one way or another to relate to the heroes of the story. At the same time, he reveals to his pupils the concept of a good deed. Also, children should hear about which heroes they need to imitate and what qualities of their character should become an example for students. The story will allow children to reconsider the behavior of both their own and their peers from a new perspective.

Fairy tales are used for kids attending junior preschool groups. They should have no more than 2-3 heroes. This will allow children to understand and understand the plot. For pupils of middle and senior groups, the teacher selects more difficult stories. A child at this age is already able to analyze what he hears and draw certain conclusions.

Among the methods and techniques of moral education, there is also an explanation. It is used in cases where the teacher, with the help of a story, could not achieve a clear and distinct understanding of the children of any rules of conduct, principles, laws, etc. Explanation is a demonstrative form of presentation, which is based on logically connected conclusions that establish the truth of one or another judgment. In many cases, the teacher combines this method with the observation of students. This allows him to gradually move into a conversation with them.

Another method used to form the consciousness of a person is clarification. The teacher resorts to him in thosecases when he needs to inform children about new moral orders for them, while influencing their feelings. Explanation is used to form and consolidate the form of behavior and moral quality. This method differs from explanation and story by focusing its impact on an individual or a specific group of children. Explanation in pedagogical practice is constantly used when working with preschoolers. After all, these children have little life experience and can not always do the right thing in a given situation. That is why it is important for the teacher to explain to them certain requirements and rules of conduct, in particular, point out the need to comply with the regime in kindergarten. The main thing for a teacher using this method is not to turn it into a notation.

In cases where the pupil has to accept certain attitudes, suggestion is used. With its help, the teacher is able to influence the personality, creating motives for its activities.

Suggestion reinforces other methods, methods of educating preschoolers. It has a particularly strong effect on feelings, and through them - on the will and mind of a person.

When using this one of the most effective methods of education, the educational techniques used by the teacher are associated with the process of self-hypnosis. The child will try to give an emotional assessment of his behavior.

The simultaneous combination of request with clarification and suggestion is another method of education - exhortation. In this case, a lot will depend on the form in whichthe teacher will turn to the child, from the moral qualities and authority of the teacher. What forms of education can be applied in this case? Methods and techniques for exhortation are praise, an appeal to a sense of shame, self-esteem, repentance. At the same time, it is important that the child is aware of the ways for correction.

Methods of experience of behavior in society and organization of activities

In his activity, the teacher seeks to work out the habits of behavior in children, which in the future will become the norm for his pupils. At the same time, he needs to use forms, methods, techniques and means of education that affect the subject-practical area. The use of these elements contributes to the development of qualities in children that will allow them to realize themselves in society as a unique individuality.

Let's consider similar methods, methods and techniques of education in more detail. One of those elements is exercise. With repeated performance of the actions specified by the teacher, they are brought to automatism in children. The result of the exercises are certain habits and skills, that is, the stable qualities of a person. Among them are the culture of communication, discipline, organization, self-control and endurance.

One of the methods of education is teaching. It is an intense exercise. They resort to this technique when it is necessary to quickly form the necessary qualities, which at the same time should be at a high level.

Another parenting method is demand. In its application, the norm of behavior, expressed in personal relationships,stimulates a certain activity of the child, causes it or inhibits it. At the same time, certain qualities appear in the pupil. Requirements can be positive or negative. The last of these are direct orders, threats and condemnations.

Another method of education that develops the necessary qualities and accustoms children to positive actions is assignment. Depending on the purpose, nature and content, it can be individual, group, collective, as well as temporary or permanent. Any order has two faces:

• measure of authority (you were asked, the success of the task entrusted to everyone, etc.) depends on you;
• a measure of responsibility (you must show willpower, what was entrusted must be completed, etc.).

Methods to stimulate activity and behavior

One of the tasks of teachers is the formation of children's moral feelings. For its implementation, pedagogical methods and techniques of education are used, which cause a positive or negative attitude of the individual to the phenomena of the surrounding world and to the objects in it. Children begin to correctly evaluate their own behavior. And this, in turn, contributes to a person's awareness of his needs and the implementation of the choice of life goals.

Let's consider such methods in more detail. One of them is encouragement. It is an expression of a positive assessment by the teacher of the actions of his pupils. The use of encouragement allows you to consolidate the positive habits and skills of children, bringing with it the excitement of positive emotions.and instill confidence in the child. Among the techniques of this method are praise and approval, rewarding and gratitude.

To prevent undesirable actions of students, to cause a sense of guilt in children before other people allows punishment. Its methods are: the restriction and deprivation of certain rights, the imposition of additional duties on the child, the expression of condemnation and moral censure. The forms of such punishments can also be different - traditional or impromptu.

Satisfy the child's natural needs for competition, for comparing himself with others and for leadership allows such a method as competition. It allows schoolchildren to master the experience of behavior in society, develops aesthetic, moral and physical qualities. In the process of competition, the competitiveness of a person is formed, which learns self-realization in a wide variety of activities. Competition is one of the elements of the methods and techniques of physical education.

Self-control and control

In the process of his work, the teacher needs to study the behavior and activities of pupils. In other words, he must constantly supervise the children. In addition, students should learn about themselves by exercising self-control.

In this case, the teacher can apply the following methods:

• pedagogical supervision of children;
• discussions that reveal the upbringing of students;
• surveys (oral, questionnaire, etc.);
• analysis of the results of public benefitactivities;
• create specific situations to explore children's behavior.

When using self-control methods aimed at self-organization of a person's behavior, his will, mind, feelings, introspection or self-knowledge can be applied. The essence of the first of them lies in the fact that children (most often teenagers) show interest in their personality, starting to think more and more about their actions and attitude to the world around them. At the same time, they give a moral assessment of their needs and desires, as well as their position in society.

With the help of self-knowledge, children become subjects of education, perceiving themselves as a unique, inimitable and independent person. The child opens his inner world, beginning to realize his own "I" and position in society.

Environmental education

This direction is considered part of the educational program adopted at the state level. To solve the tasks set, teachers use a variety of methods and techniques of environmental education. What are they?

Teachers actively use visual methods, including:

1. Observation. It usually has a specific object, purpose and time frame. The behavior of animals, the development of inanimate and living objects, as well as changes in the qualities and properties of their structure are being monitored. At the same time, a change in the appearance of a phenomenon or object is also considered.
2. Using visual material. In environmental education, the teacher uses such means as paintings and photographs, videos and films, didactic cards, illustrations and books.

Practical methods are used to fully integrate children into the ecological structure. Among them:

1. Modeling. This method is especially often used for preschoolers, as well as for primary and secondary school students. It is nothing more than a substitution of real objects with the help of signs and schemes.
2. Experiments and experiences. They represent the observation of the object under study in artificial conditions.
3. Ecological games. Mobile and didactic, verbal or desktop, they allow you to get acquainted with the material, learn it and consolidate it. As a method of environmental education, the game is very often used by kindergarten teachers, as well as primary school teachers.

Music education

In the process of educating children in this direction, teachers use the same methods that exist in general pedagogy. Among them are visual, verbal and practical. Each of these methods includes a system of a wide variety of techniques. Which of these elements will be chosen by the teacher? Specific methods and techniques of musical education will depend on the tasks facing the lesson, on the complexity of the material being studied and on the level of development of children.

Often the main goal of a teacher is to show children an event or phenomenon of the world in the most colorful imagesor a story about the actions and feelings of people or animals. What methods and techniques of musical education should be used in this case? The teacher strives for clarity. At the same time, its main components are:

• auditory visibility (listening to a specific melody);
• tactile clarity (feeling by the body of those wave vibrations that come from musical sound);
• visual presentation (demonstration of dance movements, use of various visual aids, etc.).

Considering the methods and techniques of musical education of preschool children, it can be found that for young children the teacher often uses the word. Its use is directed to the consciousness of the student, contributing to its meaningfulness, as well as the content of the child's activity. Most often, using the word, the teacher adopts such a technique of this method as an explanation. He uses it after listening to a new piece of music, exercise or dance. In this case, most often the explanation takes the form of a figurative story

It is impossible to carry out the musical education of children without explanation. Their teacher gives, showing the dance movements, as well as a variety of singing techniques.