Urine tests during pregnancy: norm and deviations, decoding

2024 Author: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 00:21

In the event that a woman's pregnancy is normal, there are no deviations and reasons for concern, then the expectant mother should visit the gynecologist about 20 times. At each appointment, a urine test is given, which can tell a lot about the condition and he alth of a woman. It is necessary to understand what is the norm of a urine test during pregnancy, how to take it correctly, how the analysis is carried out and other subtleties that will help you get a complete and correct result.

Urine analysis

This is the most common and simplest analysis that shows the overall picture of the he alth and condition of the expectant mother. We know that the first test when consulting a doctor about pregnancy is blood, but in some cases, urine is also taken. It can be used to determine if a woman is pregnant. From the moment of confirmation of pregnancy and until the very birth, at least once a month, the expectant mother takesanalysis. The results of a general urine test during pregnancy will be ready approximately 30 minutes after the material is submitted to the laboratory.

Why do I need to take a general analysis?

General urinalysis is important, with which you can determine the work and functionality of the kidneys and, in general, the entire urinary system in the mother. The superiority of the study lies in the fact that it is easy to do, no effort is required from both the woman and the doctors. At the same time, the results provide complete information about the pregnant woman and her child. Thanks to the obtained analyzes, the process of pregnancy management can be corrected and supplemented with auxiliary measures.

Frequent urinalysis during pregnancy is due to the fact that during pregnancy the kidneys experience a double load. All metabolic products of the child enter the mother's blood through the umbilical cord. It is necessary to constantly remove them so that the body is not poisoned, here the kidneys come to the rescue. Also, the uterus expands with the growth of the child and compresses the abdominal organs, so you need to constantly monitor the work of the urinary system. If the kidneys and other organs are severely compressed, urine stagnation will form, which will lead to swelling of the organs and the development of infections. During pregnancy, the immunity of the expectant mother is weakened, which means that the risk of infection or the development of chronic diseases is high. That is why it is important to take tests regularly and make sure that the results correspond to the norm of a urine test during pregnancy.

UrineIt will also help to identify signs of the prenatal period, this is the so-called late toxicosis, which, without appropriate treatment, can harm mom and baby.

Urine collection rules

How to pass a urine test during pregnancy correctly? In order for the results to be as informative and complete as possible, it is necessary to follow a number of recommendations, thanks to which the collection of urine and the results will be correct.

For research in the laboratory, it is necessary to collect only morning urine, the first after waking up. It is necessary to collect in special plastic containers, which are either issued at the hospital or can be purchased at a pharmacy. This is necessary because plastic containers are sterile, disposable and convenient to use. For a complete analysis, 50 ml of urine is needed. In this case, only the urine that is excreted at the end of the act of urination is collected.

The process of transporting the analysis from home to the hospital (laboratory) is important. It is necessary to transport the container in a warm environment, low temperature (and this is already below 10 degrees) negatively affects urine and sediment appears. It is a sign of the future mother's kidney failure, so it will most likely be misinterpreted by the laboratory staff. 12 hours before the collection, it is necessary to refuse to take vitamins, medicines and other things, otherwise serious deviations from the norm of urine analysis during pregnancy will be noticeable. Before taking the analysis, you need to wash and clean the genitals, because any microorganisms can get into the analysis and leadto the wrong result. 10 hours before passing urine, you need to give up sexual intercourse, which will also affect the results. We have determined how to pass a urine test during pregnancy correctly, then we move on to evaluating the results.

Criteria for judging urinalysis

In the laboratory, specialists evaluate the state of urine according to several criteria, we will list each of them in order to understand the essence of the study.

1. First of all, the color of the material is evaluated, it should be yellow, despite the shades (there are many of them) - all this is the norm for a general urine test during pregnancy. Of course, there may be deviations in color, for example, if a woman ate beets or cherries the day before. If the expectant mother takes yellow vitamins, then the color will be the same - bright. As a result of the analyzes, it should be indicated at the norm: straw yellow or amber yellow.
2. Transparency is an absolute criterion, if there is turbidity, then this indicates the presence of bacteria or s alts, even pus can be detected this way. Full transparency is the norm.
3. The density of urine compared to the two previous conditions cannot be determined by external signs. The required rate is from 1010 to 1030 g per liter, an increase already indicates increased sugar, protein. The rate of protein in a urine test during pregnancy is zero, even if there are small amounts, for example, 0.033 grams per liter, it indicates the presence of kidney disease. This disease is called proteinuria, she has 3 degrees. Light degree - up to 0.5gram per liter, moderate - up to 2 grams and pronounced - above 2 grams per liter. The main reason for abnormal protein in the urine test during pregnancy is inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis), strong physical exertion and malnutrition.
4. Urine acidity is an indicator that is influenced by diet. Normal indicators are considered from 4.5 to 8 units, an increase indicates pathologies in the work of the kidneys. On the contrary, a decrease is about dehydration and a small amount of potassium in the body.
5. Glucose, like protein, should be reduced to zero. Any deviation indicates diabetes, illness or prolonged early toxicosis. Bilirubin, urobilinogen and ketone bodies should also not be detected.
6. The norm of leukocytes in the analysis of urine during pregnancy ranges from 0 to 5 units. If they are not present at all, this is an excellent result, but an excess of 3 indicates an inflammatory process that develops in the body. Red blood cells should be a maximum of 2 units in the field of view (visible to the laboratory assistant).

We have considered the criteria by which the presence of a number of diseases and developmental disorders is determined. Together with the symptoms a woman experiences, the presence and stage of the disease can be determined.

Urine sediment

The doctor can see urine sediment as external indicators. There are cases when this is normal, but sometimes it indicates the presence of a disease. Sediment can be seen in the urine, which stood at the windowsill in the cold or on the lowershelf in the refrigerator. Also, the precipitate appears after active physical activity, a large amount of plant or animal food consumed. If the material has been standing for a long time, for example, in the evening, then a precipitate may also appear in the morning.

In the event that we are talking about diseases, the sediment speaks of kidney stones. It primarily consists of erythrocytes, small skin cells or leukocytes. This appears as a result of inflammatory processes, in the presence of bacteria and negative microbes. We reviewed the decoding and norms of urinalysis during pregnancy, which is being studied in general. There are also additional, more detailed, detailed types of analyzes. Consider them in more detail.

Other studies

In practice, during pregnancy, a woman regularly takes a general urine test, it does not need to spend a lot of effort, and the results are very revealing. Along with the general analysis, others are also carried out, this is the Nechiporenko test, according to Sulkovich, according to Zimnitsky. In order to appoint one of these samples, it is necessary to first pass a general analysis, then, if there are deviations, it is necessary to investigate the material further. What urine tests during pregnancy can still be prescribed to the expectant mother? Let's analyze the purpose and features of each of the above tests.

Nechiporenko test

As we said earlier, in the general analysis of urine with an ideal indicator, erythrocytes, leukocytes and cylinders appear only in the sediment, together with the epithelium. The level of these elements and their normdetermined by conducting an analysis according to Nechiporenko. The content of the precipitate that appears (namely, the elements) of which it consists is estimated in relation to 1 ml of urine.

Abnormalities in the analysis of urine according to Nechiporenko during pregnancy indicate the presence of infections and inflammatory processes that affect the genitourinary system. The analysis also checks the function of the kidneys and bladder.

This type of test is used during the period of pregnancy, when the general clinical analysis showed a deviation from the norm. The purpose of the Nechiporenko test is to obtain a complete clinical picture and the processes that occur in the body of the expectant mother. If there is a suspicion of inflammation of the organs of the genitourinary system, this type of study is also prescribed. When evaluating the received material, the specialist focuses on the following indicators:

• Leukocytes - their maximum threshold should not exceed 2000 per 1 ml of urine.
• Erythrocytes - no more than 1000 in 1 ml.
• Cylinders - 20 or less per 1 ml.

Any deviation from the indicated thresholds indicates disorders in the body and requires additional diagnostic testing.

Sulkovich test

This type of analysis is no less common than the previous one, but unlike it, it focuses not only on pregnant women, but also on any person (regardless of gender, age and other indicators). The most common object of study is the urine of a newborn child, moreadults do not pass urine for this analysis as often.

Thanks to the test, you can find out the level of calcium in the urine of a child, any deviation from the norm indicates the development of pathologies. More and more often, the test allows you to accurately calculate the dosage of vitamin D for a newborn individually. Consider the indicators of the norm of a daily urine test during pregnancy, which is examined according to Sulkovich.

Reference value from 1 to 2 points. This is the only and main indicator of the study. The normal development and course of pregnancy is expressed in 1 or 2 points. If the indicator is higher - 3 or 4, then this indicates that the woman has:

• diabetes mellitus;
• too much vitamin D;
• leukemia or high white blood cell count;
• ulcerative colitis;
• neoplasms in the lungs or mammary glands;
• taking vitamins that contain trace element D, as well as a number of other diseases that a doctor can talk about.

If there are no points at all, this also indicates the availability:

• vitamin D deficiency;
• taking drugs that reduce the amount of this vitamin;
• renal failure and other abnormalities.

Zimnitsky test

A very complex type of analysis, the main purpose of which is to obtain data on the throughput and concentration work of the kidneys. In other words, this type of sample determines how many liters of urine can pass through a woman's kidneys during the day. Especially important is the study during pregnancy, when the work of the kidneys is doubled, they have toremove the decay products of both mother and child.

In the urine there is a phenomenon of bifurcation, when all the liquid is divided into primary and secondary. If during the study of urine according to Zimnitsky it is determined that there are many useful substances in the secondary urine, this indicates a violation. This means that in the primary urine, on the contrary, there are very few such substances, and the urine is divided incorrectly. Like the previous types of diagnostics, this one is necessary in cases where the clinical picture of diseases of the pregnant woman is clarified. What is the rate of daily urine analysis during pregnancy in this study? First of all, glucose and polypeptides should be absent, if they are, even a small amount, this indicates an inflammatory process.

Urine for this sample is collected during the day with an interval of 3 hours, in total 8 servings will be obtained. In the laboratory, the specialist also studies the density, the indicators of which are described earlier. If there are deviations, additional examinations are carried out.

Bakseev

The abbreviation BAC stands for bacteriological analysis. You can conduct such a study with blood, feces, and urine is no exception. In the laboratory, specialists examine the microscopy of the precipitated precipitate. If it contains bacteria, fungi in an amount that exceeds the norm, then this is called bacteriuria. This is an indication for a more detailed and complete study. It should be directed to a specific type of microorganism in the liquid. As a general rule, pregnant women take bakposev at 9-12 weeks, and the second time at 35 weeks. Atanalysis may be scheduled more frequently if necessary. Let's look at the decoding of the result. If up to 1000 units of microbes per 1 ml of urine are found in the urine, then, most likely, microbes from the genital organs have entered the material. In this case, treatment is not needed.

If the number of microbes is 100,000 or more, then there is an infection in the body, which, if possible, is treated with antibiotics or other drugs.

The result from 1,000 to 100,000 is doubtful, in most cases a second one is assigned for verification. If the result is positive, then all types of microorganisms found in the urine are listed. In any case, decoding is done by the attending physician.