Socialization of the child. Socialization of children and adolescents in a team

2024 Author: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 00:21

A child comes into this world, as they say, tabula rasa (that is, "a clean slate"). And it is on how the baby is raised that his future life will depend: whether this person will be successful in the future or will sink to the very bottom of life. That is why this article will consider in detail such a problem as the socialization of a child.

Terminology

Initially, of course, you need to decide on the terms that will be actively used throughout the article. So, the socialization of the child is the development of the baby from the very moment of his birth. It depends on the interaction of the crumbs with the environment, at a time when the child will actively absorb everything that he sees, hears, feels. This is the understanding and assimilation of all cultural and moral norms and values, as well as the processes of self-development in the society to which the child belongs.

Generally speaking, socialization is the process of assimilation by a child of social norms, values and principles that exist in a given society. And also the absorption of those rules of conduct that its members actively use.

Structural Components

It is also important to note that the socialization of a child consists of the following structural components:

1. Spontaneous socialization. In this case, we are talking about the process of self-development of the baby under the influence of objective circumstances. It is very difficult to control this component.
2. Relatively directed socialization. In this case, we are talking about the nuances that the state takes to solve problems that directly affect a person. These are various economic, organizational and legislative measures.
3. Relatively controlled socialization. These are all those spiritual and cultural norms created by the state as a whole and society separately.
4. Conscious self-change of a person. However, it should be noted that this point of socialization is not peculiar to children. He is more likely to refer to adults. At least - to teenagers who have come to the conclusion that something needs to be changed in their lives.

Stages of socialization

It should also be noted that the socialization of a child consists of a number of important stages that differ depending on the age of the crumbs:

1. Infancy (the age of the baby up to the first year of life).
2. Early childhood, when the baby is from 1 to 3 years old.
3. Preschool (ages 3 to 6).
4. Junior school (6-10 years) age.
5. Younger adolescence (about 10-12 years old).
6. Senior teens (12-14 years old) age.
7. Early adolescence (15-18 years).

Followed by other stages of socialization, but not a child, butadult person. After all, according to the UN Convention, a child is a person who has not reached the age of majority. Ours is 18 years old.

Socialization factors

The process of socialization is not easy. After all, it includes such a thing as factors of socialization. In this case, we are talking about those conditions and the behavior of society that clearly formulates certain norms and principles in the child. Factors are divided into four huge groups:

1. Megafactors. Those that affect all the inhabitants of the planet. For example, this is space, the world, the planet. In this case, the child must be educated to understand the value of the Earth, that is, the planet on which everyone lives.
2. Macro factors. Covering fewer people. Namely, the inhabitants of one state, people, ethnic group. So, everyone knows that different regions differ in climatic conditions, urbanization processes, nuances of the economy and, of course, cultural characteristics. It will not be a secret for anyone that it is precisely depending on historical features that a special type of personality is formed.
3. Mesofactors. These are also social factors that have the strongest influence on a person. So, these are groups of people, divided by the type of settlement. That is, we are talking about exactly where the child lives: in a village, town or city. In this case, the ways of communication, the presence of subcultures (the most important stage in the process of autonomization of the individual), the features of a particular place of settlement are of the greatest importance. It should also be noted that regional differencescan affect a person in completely different ways.
4. Microfactors. Well, the last group of factors that most influence a person is the family, microsociety, home, neighborhood, upbringing, and attitude to religion.

Socialization agents

The upbringing and socialization of the child are under the influence of the so-called agents. Who are they? So, agents of socialization are those institutions or groups, thanks to which the child learns certain norms, values and rules of behavior.

1. Individuals. These are people who are in direct contact with the child in the process of education and training. Parents, relatives, friends, teachers, neighbors, etc.
2. Certain institutions. These are kindergartens, schools, additional development groups, circles, etc. That is, those institutions that also influence the child in one way or another.

Here it also needs to be said that there is a division into primary and secondary socialization. The role of agents in such cases will vary significantly.

1. So, in early childhood, up to three years, the most important role as agents of socialization is assigned to individuals: parents, grandparents and the immediate environment of the baby. That is, those people who are in contact with him from birth and in the first years of life.
2. From 3 to 8 years old, other agents also start working, for example, a kindergarten or other educational institution. Here, in addition to the immediate environment, educators, nannies, doctors, etc. have an influence on the upbringing of the child.
3. BetweenFrom 8 to 18 years old, the media have a huge impact on a person's personality: television, the Internet.

Early socialization of children

As mentioned above, the process of socialization of children consists of two main stages: primary and secondary socialization. Now I want to talk about the first important point.

So, in the process of (primary) early socialization, it is the family that is of paramount importance. Only having been born, the baby turns out to be helpless and still completely unprepared for life in a new world for him. And only parents and other close relatives help him adapt at the very first time. It is worth noting that the child after birth not only grows and develops, but also socializes. After all, he absorbs what he sees around: how parents communicate with each other, what and how they say. It's the same after a while the baby will reproduce. And if they say about a child that he is harmful, first of all, you need to reproach not the baby, but the parents. After all, only they provoke their child to such behavior. If the parents are calm, do not communicate in raised tones and do not shout, the baby will be the same. Otherwise, children become capricious, nervous, quick-tempered. This is already the nuances of socialization. That is, the child believes that it is necessary to behave in a similar way in the future in society. What will he do over time in kindergarten, on the street, in the park or at a party.

What is it, the socialization of the child in the family? If we draw a small conclusion, then all parents should be reminded: we must not forget aboutthat the child absorbs everything he sees in the family. And he will carry this into his life in the future.

A few words about dysfunctional families

Successful socialization of children is only possible if agents meet socially acceptable norms. This is where the problem of dysfunctional families arises. So, this is a special, structural-functional type of family, which is characterized by a low social status in various spheres of life. It is worth noting that such a family very rarely performs the functions assigned to it for a number of reasons: primarily economic, but also pedagogical, social, legal, medical, psychological, etc. It is here that all kinds of problems of the socialization of children most often arise.

Funds

The process of socialization is so complex that it includes multiple nuances and elements. Thus, it is also necessary to consider separately the various means of socialization of children. What is it about in this case? This is a set of necessary elements that are specific to each individual society, social stratum, and age. So, for example, these are the ways of caring for and feeding a newborn, the formation of hygienic and living conditions, the products of material and spiritual culture that surround the child, a set of both positive and negative sanctions in the event of a particular act. All this is the most important means of socialization, thanks to which the child learns all sorts of norms of behavior, as well as the values that they are trying to instill in him.surrounding.

Mechanisms

Understanding how the child's personality is socialized, it is also worth paying attention to the mechanisms of its work. So, in science there are two main ones. The first of them is socio-pedagogical. This mechanism includes:

1. Traditional mechanism. This is the assimilation by the child of the norms of behavior, attitudes and stereotypes that are characteristic of his immediate environment: family and relatives.
2. Institutional. In this case, the influence on the child of various social institutions with which he interacts in the process of his development is activated.
3. Stylized. Here we are already talking about the influence of subculture or other features (for example, religious) on the development of the child.
4. Interpersonal. The child learns the norms of behavior, principles through communication with certain people.
5. Reflexive. This is already a more complex mechanism of self-identification as a unit of a large whole, the relationship between oneself and the world around.

Another important mechanism of a child's socialization is socio-psychological. In science, it is divided into the following elements:

1. Suppression. This is the process of eliminating feelings, thoughts, desires.
2. Insulation. When a child tries to get rid of unwanted thoughts or feelings.
3. Projection. The transfer of certain norms of behavior and values to another person.
4. Identification. In the process, her child relates to other people, a team, a group.
5. Introjection. transferas a child on the attitudes of another person: authority, idol.
6. Empathy. The essential mechanism of empathy.
7. Self-deception. The child obviously knows about the incorrectness of his thoughts, judgments.
8. Sublimation. The most useful mechanism for transferring a need or desire into a socially acceptable reality.

"Complicated" children

Separately, a few words need to be said about how the socialization of children with disabilities (that is, with disabilities) is going on. Initially, it should be noted that the primary socialization of the crumbs, that is, everything that will happen at home, is of paramount importance here. If parents treat a child with special needs as a full-fledged member of society, secondary socialization will not be as difficult as it might be. Of course, there will be difficulties, because special children are often negatively or simply warily perceived by their peers. They are not treated as equals, which has an extremely negative effect on the formation of the child's personality. It is worth noting that the socialization of children with disabilities should take place in almost the same way as in the case of the most ordinary he althy baby. However, additional funds may be required. The main problems that may arise along this path:

• Insufficient amount of necessary aids for full socialization (elementary lack of ramps in schools).
• Lack of attention and communication when it comes to children with disabilities.
• Omissions at the stage of early socialization of such children, when they themselvesbegin to perceive completely different from how it should be.

It is also important to note that in this case, specially trained teachers who are able to take into account the needs and, most importantly, the capabilities of such special children should work with children.

Children left without parents

Orphans deserve special attention when considering the stages of socialization of such a child. Why? It's simple, because for such kids the primary institution of socialization is not the family, as it should be, but a special institution - a baby home, an orphanage, a boarding school. It should be noted that this gives rise to multiple problems. So, initially, such crumbs in a completely wrong way begin to perceive life as it is. That is, from a very early age, the child begins to compose a certain model of behavior and subsequent life according to the type that he sees at the moment. Also, the process of upbringing and education of orphans is completely different. Such crumbs receive much less personal attention, they receive less bodily warmth, affection and care from a very early age. And all this strictly affects the worldview and the formation of personality. Experts have long been saying that graduates of such institutions - boarding schools, as a result, turn out to be of little independence, unsuitable for life in society outside the walls of educational institutions. They do not have those basic skills and abilities that will allow them to properly run a household, manage material resources and even their own time.

Socialization of the baby in kindergarten

How is the socialization of the child in preschool? It is worth recalling that in this case we will already talk about secondary socialization. That is, various educational institutions that rigorously influence a person's life come into play. So, in kindergarten, the main role is played by the process of teaching the baby. It is for this that specialists develop a variety of educational programs that educators must follow. Their goals:

• Creating positive conditions for the development of children (the choice of motivation, the creation of one or another behavioral form).
• Thinking through the types and forms of pedagogical activity. That is, it is important to compose classes so that, for example, they form a positive attitude towards the world, self-esteem, the need for empathy, etc.
• It is also important to be able to determine the level of development of each child in order to be able to work with each baby according to his needs and abilities.

The most important element is the socialization of the child. The program that will be chosen for this by the employees of the preschool educational institution is also a special and crucial moment. It is from this that a lot of things can envy in the subsequent training of the crumbs.

Children's and adult socialization: features

Having considered the features of the socialization of children, I also want to compare everything with similar processes in adults. What are the differences?

1. If we talk about adults, then in the process of socialization, a person's behavior changes. The kids havebasic values are being adjusted.
2. Adult people are able to appreciate what is happening. Children simply absorb information, without judgment.
3. An adult is able to distinguish not only “white” and “black”, but also different shades of “gray”. Such people understand how to behave at home, at work, in a team, playing certain roles. The child simply obeys the adults, fulfilling their demands and wishes.
4. Adult people in the process of socialization master certain skills. It is also worth noting that only a conscious adult is subject to the processes of resocialization. In children, socialization forms only the motivation for a certain behavior.

If socialization fails…

It happens that the conditions for the socialization of a child are completely inappropriate and inconsistent with generally accepted requirements. This can be compared to a shot: the process has begun, but it does not reach the desired goal. Why does socialization sometimes fail?

1. Some experts are ready to argue that there is a connection with mental illness and unsuccessful socialization.
2. Socialization is also unsuccessful if the child goes through these processes at an early age not in the family, but in various institutions: a boarding school, a baby home.
3. One of the reasons for unsuccessful socialization is the hospitalism of babies. That is, if the child spends a lot of time in the walls of hospitals. Experts say that the processes of socialization in such children are also violated and do not correspond to generally accepted norms.
4. Well,Of course, socialization can be unsuccessful if the baby is too strongly influenced by the media, television or the Internet.

On the issue of resocialization

Having considered various social factors - the driving forces of the process of socialization of the child, it is also worth saying a few words about such a problem as resocialization. As mentioned above, these processes are not subject to children. This is true, however, if we talk about independence. That is, the child himself cannot come to the understanding that his norms of behavior are wrong and something needs to be changed. This is only for adults. If we are talking about children, then the question of the so-called forced resocialization arises. When a child is simply retrained in what is necessary for a fulfilling life in society.

Thus, resocialization is the process of assimilation by a child of new norms and values, roles and skills instead of previously acquired and used for some time. There are quite a few ways to re-socialize. But still, experts say that it is psychotherapy that is the most effective and efficient way, if we talk about children. Special specialists should work with such babies, and besides, it will take a lot of time to do this. However, the results are always positive. Even if the norms and principles of unsuccessful socialization have been used by the child for quite some time.