Development of phonemic perception: tasks, activities, methods. Exercises and games for the development of children

2024 Author: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 00:21

So it is accepted in human society - communication between people occurs through colloquial speech, and in order to be understood, you need to have good diction, that is, a clear and distinct pronunciation.

The speech of a small child is very different from the speech of an adult, as the baby still has a lot to learn. In order for the child to develop and enrich the vocabulary, it is necessary to deal with it with the help of special exercises, play special games. Then it will be much easier for the child to express his desires and thoughts, it will be easier for him to communicate with peers and with adults.

Success in studies also directly depends on how well the child hears and pronounces sounds, words - the better, the more competently he will write. Problems in the letter can be avoided if timely contacta speech therapist who will select the necessary tasks for classes with the baby.

Therefore, the sooner parents pay attention to emerging problems with phonemic perception in their child, the better it will be for everyone, first of all, for the baby himself, who will not feel like an outcast among his peers, but will easily join the team.

Learn by playing

For the development of children's speech, special methods for the development of phonemic perception are used, developed by speech therapists together with child psychologists.

Work with the child on the formation of sound pronunciation is carried out in a playful way. For this, special games and exercises have been developed by teachers and practicing speech therapists.

At the initial stages of this work on the development of phonemic perception, materials containing non-speech sounds are used, then all speech sounds related to the native language are covered, moving from those already mastered by children to those that have not yet been set and introduced into independent speech baby.

This work is very important, as children need to learn to listen to the speech of the adults around them and learn from them the correct pronunciation.

At the same time with this work, classes are held with the child to develop hearing, attention and memory, this will allow for the effective development of phonemic perception.

Development of children's speech. Stages

For the full formation of phonemic perception, work is underway on sound culturespeech. It is divided into 6 stages of development of phonemic perception:

1 stage: begins with the recognition of the so-called non-speech sounds. They need to learn to recognize and distinguish, while developing auditory memory and auditory attention.

Stage 2: the teacher teaches the child to distinguish the pitch, strength, timbre of the voice with the help of games and exercises containing the same sounds, combinations of phrases, individual words.

3 stage: a speech therapist will help you learn to distinguish words that are close in sound composition.

4 stage: the teacher explains how to properly differentiate syllables.

5 stage: the teacher teaches children to distinguish phonemes (sounds), explains that sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. First, vowels are studied, then they move on to consonants.

6 stage: it's time to develop the skills of the simplest sound analysis, which involves dividing words into syllables. The speech therapist shows the children how syllables are counted by clapping their hands, the stressed syllable is highlighted.

The stage continues with the analysis of vowels, then consonants, thus developing phonemic perception and sound analysis.

In the preschool period, the foundation is laid for the development of the child's psyche, speech, cognitive development. Therefore, the development of phonemic perception should take place sequentially.

Special Developmental Exercises

Exercise 1. You need to highlight a certain sound in a word.

Speech therapist tells children what sound they should hear in a wordand inform the teacher about it with a prearranged signal (the signal is also agreed in advance).

Next, the teacher voices a few words, and the children analyze whether these words have the desired sound (phoneme).

Exercise 2. You need to find out where the desired sound is in the word.

The teacher calls the word, the children determine the location of the sound: at the beginning, at the end or in the middle of the word. The task is complicated by the fact that the desired sound occurs in one word more than once.

Exercise 3. You need to determine what sounds are next to the named letter: before or after it.

Children should tell what sounds and in what order are in the word named by the teacher.

Options:

• the teacher calls the sound, and the child names what number this sound is in the word: second, fourth or first and so on;
• the teacher voices the word, and the child must name, for example, the third sound.

Exercise 4. You need to determine how many sounds are in this word. This exercise promotes the faster development of phonemic perception in children.

Exercise 5. You need to make a word from the given letters.

The teacher pronounces the sounds in the right sequence, and the child must make a word. The longer the pause between spoken sounds, the more difficult the task.

Thus, going through each stage of the development of phonemic perception sequentially, the child improves his speech.

Teaching methods and systems

There are special developmental techniques, and they allare aimed at solving the main task of speech therapy work to correct sound pronunciation disorders in children.

Any developmental technique includes the following steps:

1. Comprehension of oral speech, help in the formation of phonemic perception.
2. Education of the correct pronunciation (articulation) of sounds, brought to automatism in various pronunciation conditions.

Speech therapists develop learning systems and techniques for speech development that:

• develop auditory attention;
• develop speech hearing;
• develop phonemic awareness, making the work of developing phonemic perception more systematized and convenient.

Before the teacher starts teaching children, he must explain to them that all the words that people pronounce are made up of sounds. Simultaneously with the development of phonemic hearing and perception, there is an intensive development of the child's vocabulary and mastery of the correct pronunciation; for these purposes, scientists have developed special educational games and exercises.

In writing, the sound is called a letter. Letters can only be read or written, they cannot be heard. Each sound has its own letter. But some sounds have several images, that is, letters.

To understand everything, children need to learn to listen and hear sounds.

Applying techniques to work with children

How to learn to hear sounds?

The world around us is full of variousamazing sounds: everything that the ear perceives and pronounces by a person or animals, birds are sounds. How many sounds can be distinguished by listening?

Children are encouraged to sit very quietly for a while to find out who hears which sounds.

Need to know the sound

Children sit with their backs to the teacher, you can’t turn around and peep.

Speech therapist creates various sounds and noises with the help of various objects.

Children have to guess what is happening: paper is torn, water is making noise, a pen is falling on the floor, cereal is rattling in a bowl, or the phone is ringing.

Sounds in the recording: how to distinguish them?

a) In the house:

• water murmurs in the kitchen;
• clock ticking;
• refrigerator is working;
• the vacuum cleaner hums;
• footsteps are heard;
• someone rings the doorbell;
• someone closed the door.

b) Weather sounds:

• raindrop noise;
• thunder during a thunderstorm;
• howling wind, etc.

c) Street:

• car horns;
• slamming car doors closing;
• cries and laughter of children;
• chirping sparrows.

Sound good or not?

• classical music;
• pop music;
• car horns;
• alarm rattling;
• creaking iron on glass;
• children laugh;
• hacking cough.

Magic Box

The teacher preliminarily puts various objects in any combination in a small box. Shaking the box, the teacher asks the childrendetermine what is there: a small ball, a glass ball, coins, buttons and beads, or something else.

Exercise "Lay out combinations, focusing on hearing"

Children need to be taught sound analysis and reading vowel confluences.

Each child is given plastic letters: A, I, E.

The speech therapist offers the following combinations: [AI], [IA], [AE], [EA], [IE], [EI].

Children should lay out these syllables and read them, while they should name the first and second sounds.

Exercise "Dividing words into syllables"

The skill of syllabic word analysis develops.

Description. Various pictures depicting household items are laid out on a magnetic board: a knife, a mug, a table, a chair, a chest of drawers.

Children should look at the pictures, say their names, then clapping to show how many syllables are in each word.

Exercises for the development of phonemic perception of preschoolers help them recognize sounds, distinguish one word from another and understand what sounds this word consists of.

Additional tasks

Need to find and name the right word

Pairs of sounds are used: "s-z", "t-d" and so on.

Speech therapist reads excerpts from children's poems or sentences with given pairs of sounds. Children should name only those words where there are named sounds.

Find the sound present in all words

The teacher names words that contain a certain sound:

• rustle, rustle, porridge, crumb (w);
• gesture,lark, rattle, guardian (g);
• seagull, barbel, lapwing, tussock (h);
• pinch, pike, horsetail (u);
• dew, tail, mowing (c);
• middle, string bag (shy);
• rose, hare, goiter (h);
• pre-winter, potion (z);

Children should name the sound repeated in all words, while indicating the location of the sound in the word. Children should be very careful when pronouncing soft and hard sounds.

You need to name the first sound in the word

This game is offered:

Each child says their name and determines what letter (sound) their name begins with.

Then the children call the names of children and adults they know and say which letter is the first in these names, focusing on the hardness and softness of the sounds.

Now you need to name the last sound in the word

Children are offered pictures of various items:

• car;
• titmouse;
• sofa;
• swan;
• moose and so on.

The teacher shows the kid a picture, the child must name what he sees on it and determine the last sound in the name of this subject. Also, the child should pay attention to the clarity of pronunciation, as well as the hardness and softness of consonants.

Games for the development of phonemic perception

later in writing. You need to choose a word that begins with the last sound of the word "elephant" (nose, knife, hole).

1. You need to choose a word in which the first was the sound "r" and the last "k" (cancer, rock).
2. You need to add a sound to get the word: "so" (juice, sleep).
3. You need to make a sentence in which all words begin with the same letter, for example, "m" (Mila prevents Masha from washing the bowl).
4. It is necessary to find objects in the room that have a certain sound in the name, for example "a" (paper, mug, lampshade).

If you offer to find items in the name of which this sound is in a certain place (second, third or first), then the task will become more complicated.

Attention game

The speech therapist arranges the children in such a way that everyone can see each other, and gives certain commands, naming various animals and birds, for example: a bunny, a frog, a bird, a cancer, a horse, and so on.

Children should designate an animal or bird with a certain sound or movement by prior agreement with the teacher.

Formation and development of phonemic perception

Phonematic perception is the child's ability to perceive and understand the sound composition of a word. This ability naturally develops, forming gradually, and making it possible to understand the meaning of individual words, that is, phonemic hearing is semantic hearing.

Children quite early begin to understand the basic sounds of their native language, but due to agethe structures of the vocal apparatus cannot pronounce certain sounds correctly, although they know exactly how to pronounce them.

Clear speech is formed in children with good phonemic perception, because they clearly perceive all the sounds of their native speech.

. Without these skills, full-fledged learning to read and write is impossible. Therefore, the development of phonemic perception in preschoolers is of particular relevance and significance.

Preparing for school

Thus, for successful schooling, a child must have a developed phonetic perception, that is, recognize and correctly differentiate all the sounds of their native language.

But a child will learn to operate with a full phonemic analysis of words later, learning to read and write at school, because in colloquial speech no one uses the division of words into sounds.

There is a special period in the school curriculum, before the start of learning directly to reading and writing, in which children are taught sound analysis.

This period is short and it will be very difficult for an unprepared child to master the sound analysis of words, and without this skill, problems in writing are inevitable.

Therefore, there is a need for systematic preparation of children for a formed phonemic perception from preschool age forliteracy in the future.